Coffee A Review Of Possible Health Benefits Biology Essay

Coffee A Review Of Possible Health Benefits Biology Essay Coffee: A Review of Possible Health Benefits. One of the worlds most widely consumed beverages, coffee, has been enjoyed by people for centuries. The coffee shrub, a bush bearing rich green leaves, pale flowers, and vivid red berries, stems from East Africa, and was introduced to the Americas in the early 1700s. Today, the United States accounts for nearly a quarter of the worldwide yearly consumption of more than 12 billion pounds of coffee grown globally. Fifty-four per cent of Americans consume coffee daily as coffee continues to grow in popularity. The average U.S. coffee drinker consumes more than three cups of coffee per day, usually in the morning for a quick boost from the caffeine. Aside from giving its drinkers a morning lift, research shows coffee may help protect against a host of health problems, including type 2 diabetes, Parkinsons disease, cardiovascular disease, and various types of cancers. With thousands of studies being conducted on coffee over the last forty years, some advising a reduction on the consumption, others promoting coffees intake, people suffering from type 2 diabetes may be surprised to learn about some of coffees health perks. The most common type of diabetes, type 2 diabetes, makes up the majority of the American cases of the disease. When an insufficient amount of insulin is produced in the body, type 2 diabetes develops. The lack of insulin in the body causes an increase of glucose in the blood. This causes insulin resistance. When insulin resistance happens, blood sugar levels increase. If blood sugar levels remain too high, the pancreas may be at risk of damage, resulting in serious, life-threatening health problems. Researchers from the Harvard School of Public Health and Brigham and Womens Hospital analyzed information collected from over 125,000 study participants for almost two decades and discovered a possible link between a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes and consuming up to three cups of caffeinated coffee each day. Those who drank more than six cups of coffee each day lessened the risk of diabetes in women by 30% and in men by more than 50%. Another study conducted by researchers from the University of Sao Paulo in Ribeirao Preto, Brazil found that in nearly 70,000 women who had coffee during lunchtime, they were 33% less likely to develop type 2 diabetes compared to those who did not drink coffee. Another survey that pooled data from 18 different studies counting half a million participants from over the last 40 years revealed an additional 7% less risk of diabetes development for each cup of coffee consumed past 4 cups. Dr. Peter Martin, head of the Institute for Coffee Studies at Vande rbilt University, describes coffee as having a multitude of compounds, including chlorogenic acid, a chemical that increases the bodys ability to remove and organize blood sugar, therefore reducing the development of type 2 diabetes. Another seriously debilitating condition, Parkinsons disease, currently affects nearly two million Americans. Parkinsons disease is a condition caused when nerve cells in the brain fail to generate dopamine, a monoamine neurotransmitter in the brain which is needed in order for the central nervous system to operate correctly. During subsequent stages of Parkinsons disease, victims develop indications of tremors and bradykinesia, causing decreased movement ability. Since the general population is getting older, more and more Americans are expected to be diagnosed with Parkinsons disease in the future. Lifestyle may have the strongest influence on the development of Parkinsons disease, but scientists are now considering nutritional sources like coffee as possible deterrents against the disorder. During a 22-year analysis of nearly 7,000 men and women, ages 50 to 79, researchers found participants who consumed coffee in large quantities, ten or more cups per day, lowered their risk of developing Parkinsons disease by an astounding 75%. In another study conducted over a 30 year span by the Honolulu Heart Program, researchers studied over 8,000 Japanese-American men and the link between coffee consumption and the development of Parkinsons disease. Coffee drinkers in this study were less likely to develop Parkinsons disease. As a matter of fact, those who never drank coffee were five times more likely to develop Parkinsons disease compared to the coffee consuming men who participated in this study. An additional study on coffees inverse affects on Parkinsons disease development from the Harvard School of Public Health used 135,000 people from various backgrounds. The study group participants who drank more than four cups of coffee on a daily basis lessened their risk of Parkinsons disease development by 50%. In more recent studies conducted by Vanderbilt Institute for Coffee Studies, the only institute in the country dedicated to studying the health effects of coffee, found that individuals who drank coffee throughout the day, not just in the morning, slashed their chances of developing Parkinsons disease by as much as 80%. Three of these studies discovered the more people drank coffee, the more they decreased the chances of Parkinsons disease development. Similar to the caffeine found in coffee, the brain produces a natural form of this xanthine chemical called adenosine. The brain of a person who is at risk of Parkinsons disease produces too much adenosine and not enough dopamine. When a significant amount of caffeine is ingested, the chemical blocks adenosine receptors in the brain. When these receptors are blocked and adenosine production is cut off, more dopamine is produced, thus decreasing a risk of Parkinsons disease development. In the past, many studies named coffee as a contributing factor in the development of different forms of cardiovascular diseases. The general consensus was that coffee raised cholesterol levels in drinkers, creating an increased risk of cardiovascular problems. However, the majority of those studies stemmed from Europe where the process of how coffee is made just before consumption differs from the way Americans prepare the beverage. Unlike many Europeans who enjoy coffee that has been prepared using a percolator, a French press, or the Scandinavian boiling method, Americans generally filter their coffee. The filtering process seems to eliminate most of the harmful cholesterol found in coffee. More recent studies made an adjustment for American coffee drinkers and found that in individuals over 65 years of age with average blood pressure, those who consumed one cup or more each day decreased their chance of coronary heart disease mortality by more than 40%. Within this same group, coffee drinkers also seemed to experience a reduced risk of heart valve issues. Harvard researchers found long-lasting cardiovascular health advantages related to regular coffee drinking. In one study, nearly 40,000 disease free men and women ages 40 to 64, were tracked from 1990 to 2000. The result of this study showed women who drank coffee on a regular basis experienced a massive 55% decrease in cardiovascular related deaths. An additional studys findings presented during the American Heart Associations 50th Annual Conference on Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology and Prevention in San Francisco, suggested an 18% reduction in the risk of heart rhythm disturbances in individuals who drank at least cup of coffee each day. In 2006, the Dept. of Nutrition at the University of Oslo, Norway reported coffee drinking may also reduce inflammation and the risk of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women. According to the American Heart Association, phytochermicals like cafestol, flavonoids, and other micronutrients found in coffee may have reversing affects on the development of cardiovascular disease. Coffees phytochemicals along with antioxidants and chlorogenic acid are believed to have defensive properties against cardiovascular problems by reducing the build up of fat collected by arteries. Coffee has also earned a negative reputation regarding the development of cancer. Many health studies of the 1970s and 1980s resulted in the labeling of coffee as a promoting substance in the progression of various types of cancer. One of the earliest studies conducted on the subject, released in 1971 by American scientists for British medical journal, The Lancet, named coffee as a possible cause for bladder cancer. Ten years later in 1981, researchers from Harvard again linked coffee to various forms of pancreatic cancers. However, in the mid 1990s, more research showed insufficient associations between coffee consumption and these types of cancer, especially when an adjustment was made for smoking. Because individuals who were heavy cigarette smokers also tended to drink large amounts of coffee, research often made invalid connections between the two habits, confusing health problems that may be caused by either. By the late 1990s, more and more studies began to crop up disproving initial results of research finding coffee to be adversary to health. In more recent years, new studies suggest chemicals found in coffee may even have an inverse affect on health and could possibly help protect against many types of cancers. According to a 2003 study conducted by researcher Francesca Bravi from Milans Institute of Pharmacological Research, individuals who consume coffee are 41% less likely to develop liver cancer compared to those who do not drink coffee. In a study spanning the course of two decades, scientist Kathryn Wilson from Channing Laboratory of Harvard used data taken from 50,000 male participants. In this study, 5% of male participants who consumed more than six cups of coffee each day experienced a 60% decreased risk of developing prostate cancer. Likewise for women, coffee is now also being associated with having protective value against some of the most common forms of cancer affecting female reproductive organs. According to the American Cancer Society, the most common form of cancer affecting reproductive health for women is uterine cancer. A 2009 Mayo Clinic study finds that out of a 20,000 women study, those who drank two to three cups of coffee each day were 30% less likely to develop uterine or endometrial cancer. Study leaders Thomas Hofmann, Ph.D., professor and head of the Institute for Food Chemistry at the University of Munster in Germany, and Veronika Somoza, Ph.D., deputy director of the German Research Center for Food Chemistry in Garching, claim coffee drinking could possibly avert colon cancer from developing. Studies suggest people who consume four or more cups of coffee each day reduce the risk of developing colon cancer by about 25%. Researchers Hofmann and Somoza identified the protection coffee offers ag ainst cancer stems from the antioxidant compounds found in the beverage. These compounds prompt phase II enzymes, living cells in the body which protect against chemical carcinogenesis. Chemical carcinogenesis is the process where cells transform from being normal, to precancerous, to cancerous. Chlorogenic acid found in coffee destroys the damaging free radicals in the body which contribute to diseases, including different types of cancer. Another anticancer chemical found in coffee, methylpyridinium, forms when coffee beans are roasted. Methylpyridinium can be found in caffeinated, decaffeinated, and even instant versions of the beverage. With a number of recent studies evaluating the possible link between drinking coffee and the reduction of risks pertaining to the development of Parkinsons disease, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and certain types of cancers, individuals suffering from these disorders may find some relief in the next pot of coffee they perk. Although dated reviews concluded coffee drinking could cause greater risks of these diseases, more recent findings suggest just the opposite. Although the latest studies on the medicinal and therapeutic uses of coffee are shedding new light on possible health advantages, researchers say additional investigation on the components of coffee and their effects on the body should be considered. While doctors are not yet advising patients to consume more coffee than usual, individuals who consume coffee may continue enjoying this population beverage as part of a balanced diet without worry of any adverse health effects progressing due to its consumption.

Rands anthem :: essays research papers

Rand's "Anthem" Anthem, a science fiction novel, deals with a future primitive society in which the forbidden word "I", which is punishable, has been replaced by "We". Anthem's theme seems to be about the meaning and glory of man's ego. In this novel, Rand shows that the individualism needed for building a complex technological civilization has been suppressed by collectivism. Rand glorifies man's individual ability to think, and appeals to emotion. The emotion is displayed at various time throughout the story; the encounters of Equality and Liberty, on the occasion regarding the discovery of the light bulb, and during the time the two find the house in which they will live in for the remainder of their lives. One day while Equality was tending to his job as street sweeper, he came across a beautiful young woman taking care of the fields. Even though it is forbidden, he decides to go over and talk to her. While they were talking, we see the first sign of emotions when "Their face did not move and they did not avert their eyes. Only their eyes grew wider, and there was triumph in their eyes, and it was not triumph over us, but over things we could not guess." Later, Liberty follows Equality into the forest, and the first sign of forbidden love is shown when "we bent to raise the Golden One to their feet, but when we touched them, it was as if madness had stricken us. We seized their body and we pressed our lips to theirs." Equality is excited with the joy of learning when he finishes his work of building a light bulb. "WE MADE IT. WE CREATED IT. We brought it forth from the night of the ages. We alone. Our hands. Our mind. Ours alone and only. We know not what we are saying. Our head is reeling." The emotion shown by Equality after having just built the light bulb is pride and happiness because he has just created some power unknown but to the people of the Unmentionable times. After he fully realizes what he has done, he has defensive emotions and has to "guard our tunnel as we had never guarded it before. For should any men save the Scholars learn of our secret, they would not understand it, nor would they believe us. They would see nothing, save our crime of working alone, and they would destroy us and our light." The climax of the story shows the greatest emotion of all, the feeling of euphoria. They have a feeling of well-being that overcomes them. Rands "anthem" :: essays research papers Rand's "Anthem" Anthem, a science fiction novel, deals with a future primitive society in which the forbidden word "I", which is punishable, has been replaced by "We". Anthem's theme seems to be about the meaning and glory of man's ego. In this novel, Rand shows that the individualism needed for building a complex technological civilization has been suppressed by collectivism. Rand glorifies man's individual ability to think, and appeals to emotion. The emotion is displayed at various time throughout the story; the encounters of Equality and Liberty, on the occasion regarding the discovery of the light bulb, and during the time the two find the house in which they will live in for the remainder of their lives. One day while Equality was tending to his job as street sweeper, he came across a beautiful young woman taking care of the fields. Even though it is forbidden, he decides to go over and talk to her. While they were talking, we see the first sign of emotions when "Their face did not move and they did not avert their eyes. Only their eyes grew wider, and there was triumph in their eyes, and it was not triumph over us, but over things we could not guess." Later, Liberty follows Equality into the forest, and the first sign of forbidden love is shown when "we bent to raise the Golden One to their feet, but when we touched them, it was as if madness had stricken us. We seized their body and we pressed our lips to theirs." Equality is excited with the joy of learning when he finishes his work of building a light bulb. "WE MADE IT. WE CREATED IT. We brought it forth from the night of the ages. We alone. Our hands. Our mind. Ours alone and only. We know not what we are saying. Our head is reeling." The emotion shown by Equality after having just built the light bulb is pride and happiness because he has just created some power unknown but to the people of the Unmentionable times. After he fully realizes what he has done, he has defensive emotions and has to "guard our tunnel as we had never guarded it before. For should any men save the Scholars learn of our secret, they would not understand it, nor would they believe us. They would see nothing, save our crime of working alone, and they would destroy us and our light." The climax of the story shows the greatest emotion of all, the feeling of euphoria. They have a feeling of well-being that overcomes them.

Challenge ineffective practice in the promotion of the safeguarding Essay

1. Disseminate knowledge based on good practice 2. To involve service users , carers, practitioners , care providers and policy makers in the promoting good practice 3. Enhance the skills and professionalism in social care workers through tailored, targeted and user friendly resources. Before challenge can be made we will need to identify who is at risk of abuse? The vulnerable adult in this context is at risk of abuse ; people with learning disability; older people ; family members and carers. Identifying risks in services. Risk factors associated with abuse can help to point the way for appropriate prevention strategies. For example Institutional abuse has the following factors as indicators: Exogenous-Staff rate and ratio, bed supply. Institutional Environment-Organisation that stifles staff and prevent criticism. Patient Characteristics-very frail, challenging behaviours  staff Characteristics- Stress, negative attitude to work, low esteem and low educational attainment neutralisation of moral concerns leading to residents being seen as objects rather than human beings. Lack of policy awareness. To challenge these abuse we need 1 public awareness 2 Awareness of domestic violence 3 Awareness strategies of other types abuse such as financial abuse 4 Information awareness and advocacy 5 Training and education through development programmes 6 Awareness of the organisation policy and procedures 7 Community links 8 awareness of regulations and legislation 9 Multi- disciplinary and agency collaboration. 10 Empowerment and choice 11 balancing the idea of choice and risk involvement based on decision taken by the service users and carers.

Essay on American Capitalism - 2283 Words

Although it holds true that the United States is a global power, the current economic system, capitalism, threatens the states domestic and global stability; the concept of materialistic success creates inequalities between citizens, which, in turn, leads to deviance and rebellion, and the possibility of a fallen capitalistic society. If the United States were to struggle internally, one of two things would happen: all industrialized external forces would exploit on Americas lack of equanimity, or said forces would contribute to an international depression as a result of a chain reaction set by the collapse of an important economic state. The inequalities that lay between social classes are a product of capitalism, the idea of a†¦show more content†¦In contrast, only 8.6 percent of whites/non-Hispanics fell between the lines of poverty (U.S. Census Bureau). Wealth is so scarce and it hardly gets distributed. Some might argue that inequalities are trivial to democracy, that i n any case, people will always remain unequal either by status or pay. The American motto is that if a man works hard, he will receive the most opportunities and will be reimbursed. Since it is a profit-based economy, only those with talent who can assist the CEOs in making profit will reach status in the top twenty percent. However, claiming that the majority of the population, a good eighty percent, is untalented is obscure. A smaller percentage might have been more reasonable to account for. Though it holds true that in any system inequalities preside, the wide gap between the social stratifications in America demonstrates the extremes. This theory of hard workers to the top does not regard those who have inherited their power and wealth; the fact that neither power nor wealth are extended to all citizens, at least a fair majority, shifts the government away from democracy as well. Democracy by definition is ...the ideal alternative to a bureaucratic, authoritarian state...Democr acy is a form of government...[that] rests directly or indirectly on the freely given consent of the majority of the adults governed (The Encyclopedia Americana). In other words, power is centralizedShow MoreRelatedCritique Of American Capitalism And Capitalism2411 Words   |  10 PagesCapitalism is not a rigid, inflexible economic and political system—there are many forms of capitalism around the world. It is illustrated as being different variations of capitalism outside the United States; there is the Dutch version, the French version, the British version, as well as the American version. American capitalism implements free-market ideology and that makes the U.S. stand out among other nations. Other nations do not dwell on privatization and deregulation nearly as much as theRead MoreThe Corporate American Model Of Capitalism1316 Words   |  6 PagesCapitalism is good. In reading the articles, it seems scholars are either pro or anti-capitalism. The corporate American m odel of capitalism is built upon free enterprise and encourages competition. It’s also called the Liberal/Social Democratic model. Our economy, supposedly, encourages and rewards competition and equality. Yet the lack of competition and equality in our economy are issues scholars take aim at the most. George (2013) wrote in his editorial, â€Å"In the United States, income inequalityRead MoreBenefits And Drawbacks Of American Capitalism996 Words   |  4 Pagesand drawbacks to American Capitalism. Capitalism is the idea of a free market based economy wherein that economy is organized by individual people and companies rather than the government. This type of economy, in essence, promotes cheaper goods bought and sold, less waste, economic growth, innovation, and overall fairness. However, the American dream is not all it takes in order to pave a path to economic success in our society. In fact, some would argue that American capitalism is the very foundationRead MoreAmerican Capitalism And The Economic System1324 Words   |  6 Pages Wealthy disparity in America is greater than it has ever been, yet nothing seems to be done by the government to fix it. Bridging the wealth gap in America would require government regulation from government, but the American government is controlled by the wealthy. Rich business owners give large sums of money towards political campaigns, thus gaining them political favor. Along with a corrupted government, large corporations have taken up almost all market share in their respective industriesRead MoreEssay about American Capitalism3831 Words   |  16 PagesAmerican Capitalism Capitalism - An economic and political system in which a countrys trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. America was an ideal breeding ground for capitalism, a relatively new country, in need of young entrepreneurs to kick start its already buoyant economy. The country was an ideal place to get rich quick, an idea that inspired the immigrants that poured into it each year. In America itRead MoreAmericans love freedom we love money we love capitalism. Capitalism is most definitely an1200 Words   |  5 PagesAmericans love freedom; we love money; we love capitalism. Capitalism is most definitely an element of dominant culture amongst the citizens of the United States. In American culture it is easy to see that many of our institutions, including public schools, indoctrinate the children whom they serve with a common American idealism: capitalism is good, communism is bad. Being a citizen of the United States and not being a capitalist is verging upon the fringe of an unwritten taboo. If there isRead MoreCapitalism And The American Worker1331 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the 19th and 20th century capitalism was on a rise and many writers had different perspectives on the positives and negatives of capitalism and how it shaped America. Thomas DiLorenzo who wrote How Capitalism Enriched the Working Class, focused on how the world became better bec ause of capitalism. Melvyn Dubofsky’s Industrialism and the American Worker, focused on how the lives of working people were deteriorated because of the development of labor and what conditions these people facedRead MoreSlavery And The Making Of American Capitalism1153 Words   |  5 PagesJose Arciga Robert Dean History 110 11.10.15 Essay Prompt The Half Has Never Been Told :Slavery and the making of American Capitalism Back when America was being shaped, tobacco was the main slave produced trade in the colonies. Plantations all across the south had a majority of the slaves from Africa brought here on ships. Forced to work for their slave owners. Tobacco wasn t the only booming business. Cotton soon came into the picture, the north was a more industrial economy, while the southRead MoreAmerican Capitalism And Soviet Communism1344 Words   |  6 Pages American capitalism and Soviet Communism were incompatible systems; Washington shouldn’t have been surprised to hear this in George Kennan’s long telegram. But the tensions were not always this high between the two word powers. In the end of world war two, â€Å"Stalin s empire was won with reservoirs of soviet blood†(cite 1). The thought to be never ending Soviet army was not limitless anymore. The estimated cost of the war was at 2.6 trillion(cite 4), with most of the population wanting to focusRead MoreThe Battle of European Socialism vs. American Capitalism2286 Words   |  10 PagesBattle of European Socialism vs. American Capitalism† Let the battle begin, on the left we have European Socialism and on the right we have American Capitalism! Round One: What is Capitalism? Capitalism is regarded as an economic system and a political strategy distinguished by certain characteristics whose development is conditioned by numerous variables. So how is Capitalism viewed in the United States of America? American Capitalism can be viewed in multiple fashions:

The Apology Of Socrates And Hebrew Bible Analysis

In the Apology of Socrates and Hebrew Bible, there are different structures of authority – the way the system works; people live their lives, or how they view their world. The Greek gods and the Hebrew God shape these people’s views and give them a sense of authority. The structures of authority evidently show in the Apology of Socrates while Socrates defends himself in court, and in the books of the Bible when the Jews follow God and how they judge others. Although the Athenians’ and Jews’ lives contrast sharply, the ways they devote themselves to their Gods is similar. First of all, there are several Greek gods, each one in charge of their realm. The gods are human-like, and need humans to remain mighty or to fulfill their desires†¦show more content†¦Socrates pulls the same philosophy on poets and craftsmen, and that is when he comes to his conclusion: if a person seems wise to many others, including himself, then it is Socrates’ job to show the person that he is only wise because he thinks he is wise, when in reality, he is not (21c and 21d). Socrates never makes people change their beliefs in their gods; he believes he is merely telling the truth to everyone he meets. However, the Athenians think it is unforgivable that Socrates does not believe in the same gods and speaks his mind. On the other hand, the Hebrew God is the only God in charge of everything. God does not need humans to continue being powerful. In fact, God wants to destroy Sodom and Gomorrah because â€Å"The outcry against Sodom and Gomorrah is so great and their sin so grievous that I will go down and see if what they have done is as bad as the outcry that has reached me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Genesis 18:20). The Hebrew God does not put up with sinful people. He does not need the people of Earth if they do not believe and obey him. However, God can be forgiving. After Moses has a baby with Sarah’s servant because he and Sarah get impatient for a child, God still gets Sarah pregnant with Isaac. (Genesis 17:16; 21:2-3). God is also merciful toward Lot and his family

Articles about Involvement in Gang Violence and Methods of...

In low income areas and large cities, gang violence is a major problem many parents hope their children will avoid. Unaffordability makes the option of relocating out of the question for the majority of families. Very few people from neighborhoods such as this are able to go to college because of the expense and lack of motivation from the students. Scholarships are the only hope for kids who grow up in environments like downtown Oakland or Berkeley, California. Scholarships can only be granted through outstanding skills in academics, sports, and extracurricular activities, though, not because a student has the ability to stab with a knife, torment innocent pedestrians on the street, or shoot a gun from a moving car. Solutions to†¦show more content†¦This resulted in Lawson abandoning the dream of a prosperous life followed by him retreating to the acceptance of gang life. Dohrmann’s article uses a strong voice of pathos as he describes several years of Lawson’ s life. The argument is entertaining. Having been published in Sports Illustrated the purpose was to be an engaging read, yet Dohrmann fails to state any specific claim to identify why he believes sports are not the solution for students to avoid gang involvement. His only proof is that such a dream was not attainable by Lawson and several other young men mentioned within the passage. The only statistics provided are irrelevant to the argument, but help the reader connect with Lawson on a more personal level. Dohrmann does make it clear that gang violence is growing, at least within the city limits of Oakland, California where â€Å"there were 127 homicides last year and 148 the year before, which was up 68% from 2004 [†¦] Gang violence in Oakland [was] so bad that last year Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger committed officers form the state’s highway patrol to help stem the violence† (401). Yet, he fails to state how this number has been affected because students have o r have not been involved in sports teams rather than gangs. The argument is well-organized, told in chronological order of Lawson’s journey. However, the article falls short when no specificShow MoreRelatedViolence in Youth1171 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Youth violence is defined as violent behaviour that begins early in life and continues throughout subsequent stages of life. Youth violence may include physical and emotional harm, and minor crimes, escalating to murder (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). Youth are recognized as being between the ages of twelve and twenty-four however, teens are the most affected by violence than any other group of youths as they are habitually perceived as the most violent age groupRead MoreThe Endless Battle with Prison Gangs1689 Words   |  7 PagesEndless Battle with Prison Gangs As the years pass, the rate of gang affiliated crimes in the Unites States has progressed extensively, accumulating more inmates into our major prisons doubling the maximum occupancy that the jails can hold. In the U.S there are currently 33,000 active violent street, motorcycle, and prison gangs with a recorded 1.4 million members combined. The registered number of police officers is a mere 683,396; which is not even half of our countries gang population. IncrediblyRead MoreJuvenile Crime Is The Number One Priority3511 Words   |  15 Pagesfederal laws preventing violence crimes are becoming more detailed and protected. However, it does not seem to stop criminals from committing illegal acts, especially for at-risk children in the city of Chicago. According to ABCNews, Chicago’s Murder rate is four time higher than New York City (Rosenzweig). Juvenile gang activities are without a doubt, a reality, and is increasing uncontrollably in the city of Chicago, IL. Even though t here is no universal definition for â€Å"gang†, the National InstituteRead MoreEssay about Gang Violence in Philadelphia2405 Words   |  10 Pagespresence of gangs, and the streets are run by unruly groups of fearless young adults. Gang violence in Philadelphia is a major issue, and the citizens will never be safe until gang prevention occurs. Gang prevention is not a simple task, but with the right resources available, it is possible. Gang violence is a problem that will contribute to the collapse of Philadelphia, and it has yet to be solved throughout many generations. With gang violence on the rise, the best solution to gang violence is to educateRead MoreNotes On Delinquency Prevention Programs4174 Words   |  17 PagesRunning head: DELINQUENCY PREVENTION PROGRAMS 1 16 17 Delinquency Prevention Programs Alton Johnson American Military University Abstract This research paper will describe a variety of delinquency prevention programs as well as why they are beneficial for today?s society. Pivotal questions regarding the purpose of delinquency programs will be addressed through proven and current research. These programs when coupled with increased parental involvement are proven to be more effectiveRead MoreAdolescent Violence And Youth Violence2265 Words   |  10 PagesAdolescent violence has turned into an expanding issue in the U.S. youth violence and young people raised in the 1990s and has stayed high. Youth are the in all probability gathering to be casualties or culprits of high school violence, however the after effects of teenager violence influence everybody. Youth brutality insights demonstrate this is a significant issue: A normal of 15 youngsters are killed every day in the U.S., and more than 80 percent of those are killed with firearms (Khey, 2008)Read MoreThe Subculture Of The United States2690 Words   |  11 Pages would like to know more about in the sociology field is the study of how people reject the primary society’s ideas about what values, beliefs and traditions they should follow. Within these subcultures we find the subculture of gangs. Every community has to deal with gangs in one way or another. Mostly we hear about gangs in big cities but there are gangs in every state of the United States of America. The history of gangs has been dated in America from the beginning with the gangs of New York City thatRead MoreEssay on School Safety: Protecting the Students1921 Words   |  8 PagesSafety: Protecting the Students For many students a positive academic environment is increasingly harder to obtain. This is mainly due to their lack of safety. Whether it be inside the classroom or out. Unfavorable situations at home, psychological stability, physical dangers and violence all contribute to this evident shortage. There have been investigations on how organizations, teachers and parents collaborate together in todays society to influence the students understanding of safetyRead MoreViolence Among Youth3553 Words   |  15 Pagesgreat nation. In India, 480 million are less than 19 years old. India has 20% of the world’s children. [1] The recent years have seen an unprecedented increase in youth violence, often lethal violence, all around the nation. Anecdotal evidence of increase in violence by young people against women and old people, of road rage, of violence in schools, and other violent actions to get whatever they want is alarming. This epidemic, as many social analysts called it, caused serious concern to both parentsRead MoreCaribbean Studies Internal Assesment4844 Words   |  20 PagesRecommendations Page 35. Bibliography Page 36. Appendix. Introduction Problem Statement Does the participation in extra-curricular activities impact the mentality( what do you mean by meantality) and academic performance of the students within Trinity College? Relevance of Topic to Caribbean Studies. I choose this topic in relevance to Caribbean Studies because it has become quite prominent amongst my colleagues for many of them choosing to be involved in extracurricular activities

Bankruptcy Prediction Models Multinorm Analysis †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Bankruptcy Prediction Models Multinorm Analysis. Answer: Introduction The current study critically evaluates the financial as well as non-financial performance of a firm with special reference to the operations of Air New Zealand. Air New Zealand is essentially a big passenger and flag carrier airline company with operations based in Auckland. Essentially, this airline runs scheduled passenger flights to nearly 21 domestic as well as 31 transnational destinations in around 19 nations. Essentially, this report stressing on analytical evaluation of performance of the company using non-financial measures refers to quantitative measures/dimensions of performance that are not reflected in monetary terms. Again, critical analysis of the corporation Air New Zealand using financial dimensions namely horizontal trend analysis can help in assessment of different components of financial assertions that in turn can assist in gaining better understanding of the position and performance of the corporation. The current section carries out horizontal trend analysis of the financial statements of Air New Zealand that reflects the changes in the overall amounts of corresponding items of financial assertions over a specific time period. Essentially, this can be considered to be an important tool that can be used for analysis of trend analysis. In this, the financial assertions for two periods are utilized in horizontal trend analysis. Essentially, the earliest period is normally referred to as the base period and diverse items on the pecuniary pronouncements for later period can be compared with different other items of the base period. Comparative balance sheet with horizontal trend analysis: AIR NEW ZEALAND LTD BALANCE SHEET Increase Fiscal year ends in June. NZD in millions except per share data. 2016-06 2015-06 Amount Percentage Assets Current assets Cash Cash and cash equivalents 1594 1321 273 20.666162 Short-term investments 92 103 -11 -10.67961165 Total cash 1686 1424 262 18.3988764 Receivables 300 298 2 0.67114094 Inventories 103 120 -17 -14.16666667 Prepaid expenses 73 71 2 2.816901408 Other current assets 177 69 108 156.5217391 Total current assets 2339 1982 357 18.01210898 Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment Gross property, plant and equipment 6314 6845 -531 -7.757487217 Accumulated Depreciation -2253 -2360 107 -4.533898305 Net property, plant and equipment 4061 4485 -424 -9.453734671 Equity and other investments 428 230 198 86.08695652 Goodwill 0 Intangible assets 102 127 -25 -19.68503937 Other long-term assets 202 70 132 188.5714286 Total non-current assets 4793 4912 -119 -2.422638436 Total assets 6775 7251 -476 -6.564611778 Liabilities and stockholders' equity 0 Liabilities 0 Current liabilities 0 Short-term debt 46 239 -193 -80.75313808 Capital leases 207 225 -18 -8 Accounts payable 448 453 -5 -1.103752759 Deferred income taxes 20 54 -34 -62.96296296 Deferred revenues 1055 1111 -56 -5.04050405 Other current liabilities 352 389 -37 -9.511568123 Total current liabilities 2128 2471 -343 -13.88101983 Non-current liabilities 0 Long-term debt 616 841 -225 -26.75386445 Capital leases 1453 1262 191 15.13470681 Deferred taxes liabilities 228 164 64 39.02439024 Other long-term liabilities 385 405 -20 -4.938271605 Total non-current liabilities 2682 2672 10 0.374251497 Total liabilities 4810 5143 -333 -6.474820144 Stockholders' equity 0 Common stock 2286 2252 34 1.509769094 Retained earnings -351 -351 Accumulated other comprehensive income 30 -144 174 -120.8333333 Total stockholders' equity 1965 2108 -143 -6.783681214 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity 6775 7251 -476 -6.564611778 Significant ratios The ratios that are essential in estimating the trends of business that is the situation in which the entity is currently in and the ways in which the business will react to the upcoming future events are called significant ratios. The ratios that are analysed below are the Quick ratio, Debt Equity ratio and the Net Profit ratio (Bodie, 2013). Quick Ratio Current Liabilities ($M) Current Assets ($M) Inventory ($M) Current Assets - Inventory Ratio FY 2012 1683 1700 170 1530 0.909 FY 2013 1710 1858 155 1703 0.996 FY 2014 1872 1827 169 1658 0.886 FY 2015 2128 1982 120 1862 0.875 FY 2016 2471 2339 103 2236 0.905 Quick ratio = Total Current Assets - Inventories/Total Current Liabilities The quick ratio represents the entitys liquidity on a short term basis. An entity has both short term and long term obligations. The short term obligations are those that are needed to be paid within the current financial year. Essentially the quick ratio measures the capability of the liquid assets of the entity in order to pay off the short term obligations. For instance a quick ratio of 1.8 reveals that $1.80 of liquid assets that is available for the purpose of covering the $1 worth of current liabilities. Therefore higher the liquidity or quick ratio of an entity better is its liquidity position (Healy Palepu, 2012). In the above table the quick ratio of Air New Zealand has been calculated for the past five financial years. The total current assets have been identified from the annual reports of the respective financial years and according to the formula the inventories have been subtracted from it and then divided by total current liabilities. Therefore the quick ratio that has been arrived at show the liquidity position of the company. In the financial year of 2012 the liquidity position of the group seems to be fine. In the financial year of 2013 the quick ratio even improves more lifting the entity to a much better liquidity position. Though the liquidity position of Air New Zealand worsens in the following two financial years but the entity seems to improve in the financial year of 2016 thus stabilizing the liquidity position of the entity (de Andrs, Landajo Lorca, 2012). Debt Equity Ratio Total Liabilities ($M) Shareholder's Equity ($M) Ratio FY 2012 3771 1688 2.2340 FY 2013 3796 1816 2.0903 FY 2014 3978 1872 2.1250 FY 2015 4810 1965 2.4478 FY 2016 5143 2108 2.4398 Debt Equity Ratio = Total Liabilities/ Shareholder's Equity Shareholder's Equity = Total assets - Total liabilities The Debt Equity ratio essentially measures the financial leverage of the entity. The debt equity ratio is measured by dividing the total liabilities of an entity by its share holders equity. The specific forecast or indication that is measured by the debt equity ratio is that the amount of debt that a company has been utilizing in order to finance its assets in relation to the value that is there in the shareholders equity. The debt equity ratio is also known as risk or gearing ratio. In case of a debt equity ratio the total liabilities is compared to the shareholders equity because this will specifically show the extent till which the entity is utilizing debts or borrowed sources of money in order to fund the projects of the company. Aggressive practices related to financial leveraging are often not recommended. This is because such activities are associated with high levels of risk. The earnings that are incurred by the entity may result in volatile earnings due to additional inter est expense (Li, 2015). The above table shows a more or less constant debt equity ratio. But such a value is high enough to indicate that the entity heavily indulges in financing from outside sources. The ratio though decreases in the financial year of 2013 but it increases in the following financial years. The entity indulging in financing from outside sources may continue such operations associated with high levels of risk, if and only if the returns from the project offset the cost of financing loans from outside. But if this is not the case then the group runs the risk of going bankrupt. Therefore initiative on the part of the management should be taken to look into the current situation and lower the rate of financial leverage of the entity (Weygandt, Kimmel Kieso, 2015). Net Profit Ratio Net Revenue ($M) Net Profit ($M) Ratio FY 2012 715 71 10.0704 FY 2013 898 182 4.9341 FY 2014 1013 262 3.8664 FY 2015 1161 327 3.5505 FY 2016 1542 463 3.3305 Net Profit ratio = Net Revenue / Net Profit The net profit ratio is calculated by dividing the net revenue that is incurred by the entity and is arrived at by deducting the operating expenses from the gross revenue, by the net profit that is incurred by the firm. The net profit ratio indicates the profitability of the entity and is always prepared for a row of past years in order to measure the performance of the entity on a continuous basis (Needles, Powers Crosson, 2013). In the above table as it can be observed the net profit ratio of the entity in the financial year of 2012 reaches great heights and obtains a value of 10.074, thus signifying a strong profitability position of the entity. But after 2013 the profitability falls steeply and becomes stable from the financial year of 2014. Therefore there should be much investigation into the fact that as to why the entity had incurred such high levels of profit in the financial year of 2013 and why the profitability abnormally did decrease after 2013. A major issue that should be noted while analysing the net profit ratio is that this ratio estimates or measures the performance of the firm on a short term basis and does not provide insight into the long term possibilities of the entity (Weil, Schipper Francis, 2013). Non-financial analysis (Attrition rate) Employees on (2016) No of employees left No of employees joined Current employees 9897 270 900 10527 Attrition rate =(270/100)/((9897+900))/100=2.45 From the above table, it can be inferred that the attrition rate of the organization is on the lower side, which is a positive sign for the organization. Conclusion Air New Zealand as a group has reached a stabilized position in the past three financial years. The liquidity position of the group is strong. But there are concerns regarding financing resources from outside. The over indulgence of the entity in financial leveraging activity should be looked into. The entity should try to finance its projects out of its retained earnings. The management of the firm should look into the operating activities of the firm and if required chalk out a turnaround plan to increase the profitability of the entity. References Bodie, Z. (2013). Investments. McGraw-Hill. de Andrs, J., Landajo, M., Lorca, P. (2012). Bankruptcy prediction models based on multinorm analysis: An alternative to accounting ratios. Knowledge-Based Systems, 30, 67-77. Healy, P. M., Palepu, K. G. (2012). Business analysis valuation: Using financial statements. Cengage Learning. Li, X. (2015). Accounting conservatism and the cost of capital: An international analysis. Journal of Business Finance Accounting, 42(5-6), 555-582. Needles, B. E., Powers, M., Crosson, S. V. (2013). Principles of accounting. Cengage Learning. Weil, R. L., Schipper, K., Francis, J. (2013). Financial accounting: an introduction to concepts, methods and uses. Cengage Learning. Weygandt, J. J., Kimmel, P. 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