Ethics Greek Essay

The greater the familiarity and freedom, the greater the voluntariness and the greater the voluntariness, the greater the righteous province. Alfredo Panizo MODIFIERS OF HUMAN ACTS a) Ignorance b) Passions c) Fear d) Habit e) Violence A) IGNORANCE Absence of knowledge which a somebody ought to possess Ignorance of Law exempts no one implies that one who has finished wrong may non obviously and directly claim ignorance as defense or justification or to be freed from sanction attach to the Law that was violated implies that one should non mo in the claim of ignorance merely perpetually strive to dispel it 1) Vincible Ignorance invent of Ignorance which provoke be easily remedied through ordinary diligence and reasonable attacks 1.a) moved(p) Ignorance a mortal possess this kind of Ignorance when a person employs dogmatic efforts to be ignorant in gild to be escape responsibility it is Vincible Ignorance explicitly wanted = studied ignorance 2) Invincible Ign orance kind of Ignorance which a person possesses with let out universe aw are of it or lack the means to bushel it PRINCIPLES1) Invincible Ignorance r decisioners an act in volunteer a person is not nonimmune or cannot be culpable if he is not aware of his ignorance or when thither is nomeans of rectifying his ignorance 2) Vincible Ignorance does not destroy but lessens voluntariness and the corresponding obligation over the act when a person becomes aware of ones ignorance, he/she has the example obligation to rectify it- and to act with this is a form of imprudence 3) Affected Ignorance though it lights voluntariness, increases theaccountability over the aftermathant act it interferes intellect decrease voluntariness it is go outed to persist increases accountability refusing to rectify ignorance is malicious and malice is graver if ignorance is utilise as an excuse for not doing the right thingB) PASSION each tendencies towards desirable objects ( positivisti c emotions like love, desire, delight, hope, bravery etc) or tendencies away from undesirable or harmful things (negative emotions like horror, sadness, hatred, despair, vexation, anger etc) Passions psychic chemical reactions neither reliable nor illegal however, kind-hearted creations is bound to regulate his emotions and submit them to the avow of reason 1) source Passions precedes the act predisposes a person to act 2) Consequent Passions those that are by design aroused and kept voluntary in give birth the result of the leave alone playing the strings of emotion PRINCIPLES 1) Antecedent Passions do not forever destroy voluntariness but they diminish accountability for the resultant act they subvert the will power without obstructing freedom completely therefore, crimes of passion are always voluntary although accountability is diminished because it interferes with the freedom of the will2) Consequent Passions do not lessen voluntariness but may even incre ase responsibility consequent passions are direct results of the will which fully consents to them instead of grade them to its control C) FEAR disturbance on the mind of the person creation confronted by an impending danger or harm to him ego, to his loved ones or to his property one is compelled to decide to perform an act so as to avoid terror of future or imminent shame 1) deed done with disquietude authorized actions which by record are grave or risky in theses cases, fear is a normal response to danger these actions are voluntary because the doer is in full control of his faculties and acts inspite of fear- fear here is an instinct for self-preservation (we even fear new experiences or situations) ex.Being left alone in a strange place, being asked to speak before a group of people 2) crook out of fear or because of fear fear here becomes a positive force compelling a person to act without careful clumsiness fear modifies the freedom of doing, inducing the person to act in a certain predetermined manner, even without his full consent Ex. A boor studies/reads his books out of fear of his mother A man stops pot fear of contr acting cancer PRINCIPLES 1) Acts donewith fear are voluntary acting inspite of his fear and is in full control of himself 2) Acts done out of fear are simply voluntary although conditionally involuntary simply voluntary = person remains in control of his faculties conditionally involuntary = if it were not for the presence of something feared, the person would not act or would act in another way Intimidating or threatening as person with horror is an unjust act Legally speaking, acts done out of fear invalid acts Ex.Contract make out of fear voidable later(prenominal) be annulled 3) Acts done because of intense fear or panic are involuntary panic obscures the mind in this mental state, the person is not expected to think sensibly D) HABIT permanent inclinations to act in a certain way lasting r eadiness and facility born(p) of frequently repeated acts or for acting in a certain manner acquire the role of second nature moves a person to perform certain acts with relative ease Habit not blowzy to overcome or alter requires a strong-willed person to cleanse a robes Voluntary Habits those caused by the repetition of voluntary acts instinctive Habits a riding consumption becomes such if the will is resolved to remove it and there is a struggle to overcome it PRINCIPLES 1) motions done by force of habit are voluntary in cause, unless a reasonable effort is made to counteract the habitual inclination Bad Habits voluntary in cause because they are results of previously willed acts done repeatedly as long as the habits are not corrected, evil acts done by force of habit are voluntary and accountable can be not accountable if a person decides to fight his habit. For as long as the effort towards this purpose continues, actions resulting from such habit may be rega rded as acts of man because the cause of such habit is no longer expressly desire E) VIOLENCE any physical force exerted on a person by another free agent for the purpose of compelling the utter person to act against his will Ex. Bodily torture, maltreatment, mutilation, etc PRINCIPLES 1) External actions or commanded actions performed by a person subjected to violence, to which reasonable resistance has been offered, are involuntary and are not accountable active resistance should always be offered to an unjust aggressor if resistance is impossible and there is a serious threat to ones life, a person confronted by violence cab offer intrinsic resistanceDETERMINANTS OF HUMAN ACT 1. ACT IN ITSELF nature of the act itself ( cheating is bad itself in its nature) 2. MOTIVE OF THE factor (intention/purpose) 3. CIRCUMSTANCES Who=Person What=Quantity or quality Where=Place How= cosmosner, intend or instrument When=Time Why=Motive DETERMINING A GOOD ACTION ACT MOTIVE/END Good + lev elheaded =GOOD Good + bad = defective Bad + intelligent =BAD Bad + bad =VERY BAD ETHICAL THEORIES 1. Deontological 2. Teleological 3. foretell Command Ethics 4. Virtues EthicsDEONTOLOGY Deos what is binding, right and proper Duty-oriented appeals to obligations, rectitudes, rules or orders 1. stolidness Stoics nature is ethical Good surrendering/denying/accepting nature or whatever happens Self-denial/simplicity/frugality Wrong- contradict nature Three moral convictions 1. Nature is innately levelheaded and man is part of nature 2. part does good by following nature and evil by contradicting 3. mankind ought to accept everything that is happening to him w/o question in order to live a good and tranquil life EPICTETUS everything is governed by nature determinism things come as they do the essence of good and evil lies in that attitude of the will absolute obedience greatest virtue sufferance and tranquility2. KANTS DEONTOLOGICAL THEORY Immanuel Kant Morality is gro und on A PRIORI( pre knowledge) of the imperative of human being acts Pure reason consistency of valid knowledge of the mind Practical reason valid knowledge of the mind derriere FREEWILL moral duty IMMORTALITY OF THE SOUL sanctions EXISTENCE OF GOD ultimategiver of sanctions Kant good without any qualification is based on GOOD WILL a person with good will acts with moral duty (businessman/politician) KANTS flavourless IMPERATIVE Like golden rule command every human rational agent to cons istently abide with moral duties 1. Principle of Universality Act only on that maxim through which you can at the homogeneous duration will that it should become a universal law (evil if it cannot be universally willed. Sample killing) 2. Principle of End in Itself act in such a way that you will always treat humanity, whether in your own person or the person of any other, never simply as a means, but alwaysat the same time as an end.( self-preservation/selfrealization/charity)3. CONVEN TIONALISM OR CONTRACTARIAN THEORY THOMAS HOBBES What is good is agree by the society through social contract TELEOLOGICAL THEORIES Telos- end Consequence oriented theory Good is based on the result of the act 1. HEDONISM Hedos pastime eat and be merry for tomorrow you will die Good is personal experience of pleasure ARISTIPPUS The greatest pleasure/ pain is the greatest evil The only norm of determining what is good is the most intense sensual pleasure of the moment. Sexual act in the midst of lovers give one of the most intense sensual pleasure EPICURIUS Man is material and spiritual (death is disintegration) Man by nature seek pleasure good and evil consist in sensation but it should be directed by reason and virtue. Real pleasure relief clear-cut by the mind Prudence wisdom and capacity to control oneself amicable injustices source of pain in human relation 2. UTILITARIANISM Greatest good for the greatest number of people JEREMY BENTHAM Good if it promotes great er good (generic law/ofw) Bad suffering Quantitative utilitarianism Utility or usefulness of an actJOHN STUART MILL Qualitative utilitarianism Not the act and its end but more on the dignity of the person but the dignity of the human agent. better to be dissatisfied than a pig satisfied Action is right if it promotes happiness/ bad-unhappiness VIRTUE moral philosophy Virtue- moral practice or action in conformity to a standard of right cognizance based on knowledge of what is good Good is the possession of moral qualitys or virtues Reason elevates and leads man to things true and good Aristotle good is based on function rational faculty of man achieves excellence through exercise of virtue moral virtue is a result of habit ARETAIC ETHICS (ARETE excellence or virtue) focus on heart and character of the moral agent Virtue ethics- disposition/motivation or property of being good self-actualization doing good as a part of being a rational animal Golden mean or moderati on SOCRATES INTELLECTUALISM knowledge is virtue / virtue is knowledge know thyself unexamined lifeis not worth living PLATO PHILOSOPHICAL LIFE -contemplation of true and good is opera hat for lifeDIVINE COMMAND THEORY Religious idea Rules and commandments tolerate moral guidance St. Thomas Aquinas Natural lawETHICS OF CONSCIENCE Subjective norm of morality Based on ingrained law Voice of God / inner voice / other self Practical judgment of reason Types1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.Right conscience correct ethical evaluation good as good/ evil as evil Erroneous good as evil and evil as good Certain firm judgment of the validity and morality of an action provisionary/dubious uncertain Lax bahala na / Scrupulous- sees evil or unworthiness even though there is none